Despite the dominance of animal cell culture in the production of
biopharmaceuticals in recent times, this technology was not consolidated
into standardized large-scale bioprocesses until the 1990s. Nevertheless,
the first experience with animal cell culture can be traced back to the
beginning of the 20th century. By the use of the hanging drop technique
and frog heart lymph, Ross Harrison, at Yale, tried between 1906 and 1910
to elucidate how the nervous fiber is originated (Witkowski, 1979). He
considered three hypotheses: (i) in situ formation from the nerve sheath;
(ii) preformed protoplasmic bridges; or (iii) as a result of the nerve cell
growth itself. When Harrison demonstrated the validity of the third
hypothesis, he also confirmed the cell as the primary developing unit of
multicellular organisms.
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